1import subprocess
 2
 3# 基本執行
 4result = subprocess.run(["ls", "-la"])
 5
 6# 捕獲輸出
 7result = subprocess.run(
 8    ["ls", "-la"],
 9    capture_output=True,
10    text=True
11)
12print(result.stdout)  # 標準輸出
13print(result.stderr)  # 錯誤輸出
14print(result.returncode)  # 返回碼

 1import subprocess
 2from typing import Optional
 3
 4def run_git_command(
 5    args: list[str],
 6    cwd: Optional[str] = None,
 7    timeout: int = 10
 8) -> tuple[bool, str]:
 9    """
10    執行 git 命令並返回結果
11
12    Args:
13        args: git 命令參數列表（不含 'git'）
14        cwd: 執行目錄，預設為當前目錄
15        timeout: 命令超時時間（秒）
16
17    Returns:
18        tuple[bool, str]: (是否成功, 輸出內容或錯誤訊息)
19    """
20    try:
21        result = subprocess.run(
22            ["git"] + args,
23            cwd=cwd,
24            capture_output=True,
25            text=True,
26            timeout=timeout
27        )
28        if result.returncode == 0:
29            return True, result.stdout.strip()
30        else:
31            return False, result.stderr.strip()
32    except subprocess.TimeoutExpired:
33        return False, f"Command timed out after {timeout}s"
34    except FileNotFoundError:
35        return False, "git command not found"
36    except Exception as e:
37        return False, str(e)

 1# 取得當前分支
 2success, output = run_git_command(["branch", "--show-current"])
 3if success:
 4    print(f"Current branch: {output}")
 5
 6# 取得專案根目錄
 7success, output = run_git_command(["rev-parse", "--show-toplevel"])
 8
 9# 取得 worktree 列表
10success, output = run_git_command(["worktree", "list", "--porcelain"])

 1# 捕獲輸出
 2result = subprocess.run(
 3    ["git", "status"],
 4    capture_output=True,  # 等同於 stdout=PIPE, stderr=PIPE
 5    text=True
 6)
 7
 8# 等價寫法
 9result = subprocess.run(
10    ["git", "status"],
11    stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
12    stderr=subprocess.PIPE,
13    text=True
14)

1# text=False（預設）
2result = subprocess.run(["echo", "hello"], capture_output=True)
3print(result.stdout)  # b'hello\n'（bytes）
4
5# text=True
6result = subprocess.run(["echo", "hello"], capture_output=True, text=True)
7print(result.stdout)  # 'hello\n'（str）

1result = subprocess.run(
2    ["git", "status"],
3    cwd="/path/to/repo",
4    capture_output=True,
5    text=True
6)

1try:
2    result = subprocess.run(
3        ["long_running_command"],
4        timeout=10,
5        capture_output=True
6    )
7except subprocess.TimeoutExpired:
8    print("Command timed out!")

 1try:
 2    # 如果返回碼非零，拋出 CalledProcessError
 3    result = subprocess.run(
 4        ["git", "status"],
 5        check=True,
 6        capture_output=True,
 7        text=True
 8    )
 9except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
10    print(f"Command failed with return code {e.returncode}")
11    print(f"Error output: {e.stderr}")

 1import subprocess
 2
 3def safe_run_command(args: list[str]) -> tuple[bool, str]:
 4    try:
 5        result = subprocess.run(
 6            args,
 7            capture_output=True,
 8            text=True,
 9            timeout=30
10        )
11        if result.returncode == 0:
12            return True, result.stdout.strip()
13        return False, result.stderr.strip()
14
15    except subprocess.TimeoutExpired:
16        return False, "Command timed out"
17
18    except FileNotFoundError:
19        return False, f"Command not found: {args[0]}"
20
21    except PermissionError:
22        return False, f"Permission denied: {args[0]}"
23
24    except Exception as e:
25        return False, str(e)

1# 危險：使用者輸入可能導致命令注入
2user_input = "file.txt; rm -rf /"
3subprocess.run(f"cat {user_input}", shell=True)  # 危險！
4
5# 安全：使用列表傳遞參數
6subprocess.run(["cat", user_input])  # 安全

1def run_git_command(args: list[str]) -> tuple[bool, str]:
2    # 驗證第一個參數是否為有效的 git 子命令
3    valid_commands = ["status", "branch", "log", "diff", "rev-parse"]
4    if args and args[0] not in valid_commands:
5        return False, f"Invalid git command: {args[0]}"
6    # ...

 1# 模擬 "ls -la | grep .py"
 2ls_process = subprocess.run(
 3    ["ls", "-la"],
 4    capture_output=True,
 5    text=True
 6)
 7
 8grep_process = subprocess.run(
 9    ["grep", ".py"],
10    input=ls_process.stdout,
11    capture_output=True,
12    text=True
13)

 1import os
 2
 3# 自訂環境變數
 4env = os.environ.copy()
 5env["MY_VAR"] = "value"
 6
 7result = subprocess.run(
 8    ["my_script.sh"],
 9    env=env,
10    capture_output=True
11)

 1def get_current_branch() -> Optional[str]:
 2    """獲取當前分支名稱"""
 3    success, output = run_git_command(["branch", "--show-current"])
 4    return output if success and output else None
 5
 6def get_project_root() -> str:
 7    """獲取專案根目錄"""
 8    success, output = run_git_command(["rev-parse", "--show-toplevel"])
 9    return output if success else os.getcwd()
10
11def get_worktree_list() -> list[dict]:
12    """獲取所有 worktree 列表"""
13    success, output = run_git_command(["worktree", "list", "--porcelain"])
14    if not success:
15        return []
16
17    worktrees = []
18    current_worktree = {}
19
20    for line in output.split("\n"):
21        if line.startswith("worktree "):
22            if current_worktree:
23                worktrees.append(current_worktree)
24            current_worktree = {"path": line[9:]}  # 移除 "worktree " 前綴
25        elif line.startswith("branch "):
26            branch_ref = line[7:]  # 移除 "branch " 前綴
27            if branch_ref.startswith("refs/heads/"):
28                branch_ref = branch_ref[11:]
29            current_worktree["branch"] = branch_ref
30
31    if current_worktree:
32        worktrees.append(current_worktree)
33
34    return worktrees

1# 好
2subprocess.run(["git", "commit", "-m", "Fix bug"])
3
4# 不好
5subprocess.run("git commit -m 'Fix bug'", shell=True)

1# 為長時間運行的命令設定超時
2subprocess.run(["long_task"], timeout=300)  # 5 分鐘

 1def robust_run(args):
 2    try:
 3        result = subprocess.run(args, ...)
 4        return True, result.stdout
 5    except subprocess.TimeoutExpired:
 6        return False, "Timeout"
 7    except FileNotFoundError:
 8        return False, "Command not found"
 9    except Exception as e:
10        return False, str(e)